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酸或碱的水溶液，如盐酸、硫酸、氢氧化钠和氢氧化钙溶液能够导电，这说明这些溶液中存在带电的粒子，例如HCl在水中解离出H＋和 Cl-，H2SO4在水中会解离出H＋和SO42-；NaOH在水中会解离出Na＋和OH-，Ca(OH)2在水中会解离出Ca2＋和OH-。我们看到酸 都能解离出H＋，而碱都能解离出OH-，也就是说虽然有不同的酸或碱，但其溶液中都包含相同的成分H＋或OH-，所以它们具有一些相似的化学性质。